To lacquer an object, red and black layers of varnish are alternately applied. Each application is sealed by being kiln-dried for 24 hours before the next layer is painted on - a process which is repeated for 69 successive layers. After a strong outer varnish has been established, the design is carved directly onto it and then finished with scratching, graining and polishing. The design below left reproduces a Han dynasty (206BC-220 AD) mural painting. The one below right incorporates calligraphy from the Song dynasty (960-1127).